The Core Values All Citizens Of The United States Share...

The core values all citizens of the United States share are liberty, equality, and democracy. One right that falls under these guidelines is that of equal representation in the political atmosphere, namely voting. Undoubtedly, many Americans would consider the ability to vote fairly and freely a fundamental right granted by the Constitution. However, one would be amazed to realize that the right is not specifically stated anywhere within the original Constitution, any of its provisions, or the Bill of Rights. There are centuries of history and legislation that allows Americans the right to represent themselves as a â€Å"government by the people, for the people,† (Lincoln) like they do today. A long history of struggles to define what a citizen is, and by extension who has the right to vote, through various acts and amendments culminated to form a very structured and organized method in the election of a president. Regardless of who had the ability to vote, the process of the election of the presidents itself would not be very efficient had a structure not been established early into the years after the formation of the United States. The framers of the Constitution had originally designed what was to be known as the Electoral College, a system that established how the president and vice president were to be elected, along with the hope that political parties wouldn’t arise and that candidacy was chosen solely on who was the â€Å"best [man]† (Levinson). Electors, people whoShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Political Values1712 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical values are the common views that Texans and Americans hold regarding government, politics, and economics. The common political values that are shared are liberty, equality, consent of the governed, and capitalism. The first of the four values is liberty. Liberty is the principle that individuals are free to act as they wish as long as they don’t restrict or limit freedoms guaranteed to others. This principle is guaranteed by the constitution, which protects freedom of speech and expressionRead MoreContrast Communism And Communism1408 Words   |  6 Pagesoverlooked in communism is the similarities that it shares with liberalism. Both ideologies believe in the uniqueness of the individual, that the private person knows more about what it wants, needs, and who it should work for better than the government. They both also believe in the government being the main infringer of individual rights and strive to eliminate it as much as possible. Even though they both seem like polar opposites, they share a lot of core beliefs. The reasons that communism and liberalismRead MoreDemocracy Is A System Of Government2121 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Democracy means rule by the people or people’s power. It is derived from the ancient Greeks which means the words demos (people) and krates (rule). The word ‘Democracy’ comes from joining two Greek words meaning ‘rule by the people. A system of government by the population of a states, through elected representatives’ .It was coined during Greek history in which the city of Athens formed a government in which all the citizens including king and wealthy men made the laws and they takeRead MoreThe Government Must Pay For A Civilized Society1279 Words   |  6 Pagesname of taxation. Taxation has a different name for anarchists, and it s called theft. It s become a profound and criminal idea to keep all the money that you earned. Stopping the government from stealing your money can have you end up in the same prison as killers and rapists. The Pew Research Center While four-in-ten (40%) say they pay more than their fair share considering what they get f rom the federal government, 53% say they pay about the right amount. (Motel) Even though over half of AmericansRead MoreSocial And Economic Inequalities Of Public Policy3221 Words   |  13 PagesIn 2008, a comprehensive analysis to critically analyze and asses the level of social and economic inequality was conducted in the UK, by Professor John Hills who chaired the National Equality Panel created by the government to provide in-depth analysis on the subject. The report presented by the National Equality Panel found out that public policy influenced the outcome of social and economic inequality. For instance, the report showed that public policy interventions aimed at curbing down theRead MoreIs Homelessness Not Just A Problem?1714 Words   |  7 Pageseradicated borders in society, creating unique communication opportunities and business ventures worldwide without leaving home is phenomenal. The significance of the advances in technology is the fact that homelessness is not just a problem in the United States, it has global implications. The people that die and are displaced as a result of homelessness is a major challenge to social justice. Through the tenets of the Critical Race Theory, it’s been statistically qualified and quantified that minorityRead MoreThe American Dream1948 Words   |  8 PagesFollowing the Reconstruction Era, from 1877 to 1920, the United States of America was undergoing industrial, political and soc ial change. The United States industrialized, with sweeping technological developments bringing the country into the â€Å"modern era†. During this time, the country faced many challenges due to its â€Å"Open Door Policy† that led to the largest influx of immigration the country had ever seen. Also, African-Americans struggled to attain the freedoms brought about by the passage ofRead MoreThe Educational Theory Of The United States Of America s Educational System1875 Words   |  8 Pagesvarious aspects of our United States of America, especially in our educational and political systems. Someone may propose a temporary fix to one or the other problem. I am going to argue that we already have the solution to both by taking propositions from two completely different time frames in history. With the help of Stanford University’s professor David Labaree (whose primary area of scholarship is the historical sociology of education) I will explain how the United Sta tes of America’s educationalRead MoreReligion Politics - a Dangerous Recipe3105 Words   |  13 PagesMobilization of the international community as a whole b.Fight the hypocrisis of governments that should be role models c. Facilitate the proliferation of human rights and democracy IV. Why is there a need for separation between religious authorities and governments? a.The role of religious institutions b.Achievements made by states that are free of the oppression of religions and dangers related to the participation of religions to the political debate. INTRODUCTION: Read MoreReligion Politics - a Dangerous Recipe3117 Words   |  13 PagesMobilization of the international community as a whole b.Fight the hypocrisis of governments that should be role models c. Facilitate the proliferation of human rights and democracy IV. Why is there a need for separation between religious authorities and governments? a.The role of religious institutions b.Achievements made by states that are free of the oppression of religions and dangers related to the participation of religions to the political debate. INTRODUCTION: `This

The Movie Noah And The Bible Story - 1881 Words

For my essay I will be analyzing the similarities and differences between the interpretations of Noah the film: Noah (Paramount Pictures and Regency Enterprises, 2014) and the bible story. Writer-director Darren Aronofsky, was brought up with a Jewish education and a deep fascination in the story of Noah s ark it took him over 15 years to get the film afloat. But with all biblical movies there is always some type of controversy and unfortunately it even comes from people who have never even seen the movie. The intended audience of the film is unclear, which I find a little weird because I expected the audience to Christians and people of the Jewish faith who know the story of Noah. The beginning two and a the half minutes into the movie describes the beginning of the Book of Genesis including creation, the original sin, the curse of Cain, and anything preceding Noah. The movie continues with Noah as a child, on a hill with his father Lamech, who is about to give him an important heirloom - the skin of the original serpent from Eden- which has been passed down. Then suddenly, a large group of people led by a young king named Tubal-Cain, who wants to make that land into a mine approaches Lamech. Seeing Noah’s father, Tubal-Cain kills him and takes the serpent s skin, while Noah runs. In the bible it doesn t say anything about passing on a snake s skin or even that Noah’s father had spoken to him. In the bible the story begins with the line of the descendents of CainShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Last Year 988 Words   |  4 PagesLast year, the Hollywood film Noah was released. Obviously I was intrigued, so I called up my Pastor and some friends and planned to go to the cinema to see it. As many sources claimed, I can agree that this is certainly one of the least Biblical, Biblical films ever made. Of course the actual story of Noah in the bible is not very long, so it was to be expected that the producers would add some filler â€Å"Hollywood† action, but how much of Noah is actually based on the text that appears in the OldRead MoreThe Movie Noah Directed By Darren Aronofsky2152 Words   |  9 PagesThe movie Noah directed by Darren Aronofsky is advertised as a representation of the biblical story of Noah and the flood. After watching this movie and reading the story in the Bible, it is evident that there are some differences between the film and the story in God’s book. The film does not only use the Bible as a point of reference, but other historical books as well. The Epic of Gilgamesh or The Book of Enoch potentially influenced the production of the movie. Aronofsky’s interest in these sourcesRead MoreWe Are All Familiar With Bible Stories And Fairy Tales1473 Words   |  6 Pageswith Bible stories and fairy tales. They typically began as verbal stories, passed down from generation to generation, before they were put down on paper or made into a film. Stories which use outlandish situations to, ideally, teach the readers how to live as good people. Stories such as Cinderella, The Three Little Pigs, Snow White, Jonah and the Whale, Noah s Ark, Hansel and Gretel, and The Adventures of Pinocchio include situations which could not have possibly happened. These stories may helpRead MoreAnalysis Of T he Book Son Of God 953 Words   |  4 PagesAs a Sunday Bible School and Vacation Bible School teacher in my church, I have watched many short episodes of the Bible stories in cartoon style. Then, for this assignments I decided to use a couple movies that I have watched in the past: â€Å"The Bible† as a television miniseries Spanish version, and the movie â€Å"Son of God.† I identified the following characters for their participation in the movies. 1. ADAM - Sendhil Ramamurthy Sendhil Ramamurthy was born in Chicago, Illinois, in May 17, 1974. HeRead MoreDonnie Darko1000 Words   |  4 Pagesdays†¦six hours†¦forty-two minutes†¦twelve seconds, that is when the world will end. The movie Donnie Darko, Frank tells Donnie that the world will end in just a short time. Throughout the movie, different literary devices are experimented to give the movie a deeper meaning. This provides the audience with a hidden message that gathers the viewer’s attention while keeping them entertained. Donnie Darko is a movie that has imagery, symbolism, and foreshadowing and by merging these devices creates aRead MoreFilm Analysis : Movie, Film, And Films1706 Words   |  7 PagesBackground As a medium, films act as a very effective medium to share the stories and affecting people’s life. Since ancient times, the stage has been utilized to tell stories. When the motion picture was invented in the 19th century, it instantaneously captivates the world. Films have the power to hypnotize, bringing its viewer to certain realms. With its power to subdue its subject, film becomes a vocal tool to get inside people’s mind. Just like literature, film also creates and promotes culturesRead MoreJustification Is Defined As An Act Essay2861 Words   |  12 Pageswitnesses to how God’s is right in justifying those who are righteous at heart. In saying so, Paul declared that justification is an aspect that is clearly visible in the Old Testament. Although justification is not brought out as a subject in the bible, its mention or aspect in the biblical account serves as evidence of God’s purpose for His people. (Surburg 129) Two aspects constitute Justification include the human sinful ways and their divine grace found in them. The two are evidenced ever sinceRead MoreThe Wrong Direction1360 Words   |  6 Pageshowever, when Mohammed came down from the mountain where he was praying, and began to spread the message, people who had previously been polytheists converted to Mohammed’s new religion: Islam. Over the course of Mohammed’s life, as depicted in the movie â€Å"The Message†, many people became Muslims simply because they were told that Mohammed was a prophet, a messenger of the â€Å"one true God†. This action of becoming a Muslim simply because, from what the others are saying about Mohammed, seems to be aRead MoreHistory Of Religion Collapsed Into Agnosticism1689 Words   |  7 Pagesin church and at catechism. Things weren t adding up. The Bible seemed to me like a storybook; exciting and magical tales to illustrate life s philosophies. I had always assumed that was the point, they were made up for children s benefit. But apparently, these stories are supposed, literal Christian history. As a student also growing up in the public school system, learning of science and secular history, I was conflicted. The Bible says that a man built a ship large enough to contain 2 ofRead MoreEntertainment Industry and Social Media Essay675 Words   |  3 Pagesabout what sells. If scary movies are really popular that’s what they’ll produce. Just like if rap or country music is popular that’s what they’ll play on the radio. Movies such as Noah, Heaven is For Real, God is Not Dead, the Passion, and Son of God are all part of the recent increase in popularity and debate over bible based entertainment. If something is popular and controversial it becomes a smash hit. A great example of a controversial star is Miley Cyrus. Miley Cyrus is a perfect example of

The Basic Principles of Reganomics Free Essays

The election of the Regan-Bush Republican ticket of 1984 brought many unprecedented and controversial policies to the US economy. Many of these policies,including Reganomics still affect our economy as a whole and are still major points of debates today. Reganomics was not solely based on economics, but rather the included a sense of having moral foundations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Basic Principles of Reganomics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Government intervention and regulation of the economy were seen as economically harmful and furthermore morally wrong. It was believed that economic affairs should be left to the wisdom of God and his guidance would produce a The moral obligation together with extreme Kenseyan theories were the guide to the basic principles of Reganomics. Their objective was to follow a laissez faire attitude,or a hands off government policy. They also wanted to rely on the wisdom of the of the market, meaning that the market is smart enough to take care of and troubleshoot itself,and they tried to use a policy of deregulation which would allow companies to make their own economic decisions with out the government limiting their choices. The administration was also weary of anti-trust laws which did not allow for monopolies in The â€Å"deregulation of businesses† mentality was simple and encompassed two major points. The points were to lower taxes and allow businesses to make their own decisions without fear of government intervention. Their idea was that if you lowered taxes in general, business would have more money to produce more, to more they would hire more workers, and consequently due to the surplus of money, their would be more spending, investing, and saving. This proves that individuals would gain along with the business. Ronald Regan said, â€Å"Lower takes would spur business to invest, and send Americans rushing to stores to spend† (Regan). In the short run deregulation produced greater competition and lower prices for consumers. The long term effects were that the savings and loan industry collapsed due to fraud and mis-management. Regan knew that deregulation could possibly have adverse effects if there was no degree of regulation at all, so preventative measures were set in place. One such preventative measure was the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (O. I. R. A) which insured that deregulation dhered to cost benefit principles to the maximum extent possible. â€Å"If government is the problem, not the solution, you do not solve problems by applying a bigger problem to them† (Regan). Another notion behind Reganomics was the Laffer Curve, which conveyed the idea that tax cuts would increase tax revenue. The Laffer Curve is based on the ideology that government should provide a climate in which the incentives for individuals to pursue their own economic progress wouldn†t be hindered by governmental taxing, spending, regulations, and/or monetary policies. It is also based on supply side economics. Supply side economics was an economic policy designed to stimulate output and lower unemployment by increasing production in the economy. It allowed the free market to play a greater role in the economy while the government took on a lesser role. â€Å"If government is the problem, not the solution, you do not solve problems by applying a bigger problem to them† (Regan). The Regan administration believed tax and spend policies led to a weak economy. Accordingly, they passed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) which reduced individual income tax liabilities and raised corporate income tax liabilities. They also passed ERTS. ERTA gave a 25% cut in individual marginal tax rates over a three year period. It set an indexing of individual brackets, personal exemptions, and standard reductions; it reduced all individual taxpayers taxes, and gave percentage reductions for lower and middle class incomes exceeding those given for the rich. Bill Clinton said, â€Å"For 12 years the driving dea behind American economic policy has been cutting takes on the richest individuals and corporations†¦ â€Å". This is true, with the exception of ERTA, all the tax changes during the eight years of Reagan†s administration were unmistakably pro-business and When Reagan cut the taxes for wealthy individuals and business† he believed that it would contribute to a stronger base economy, in turn the benefits of a strong base economy would â€Å"trickle down† to reach everyone, even the poorest Americans. Ronald Reagan said, â€Å"Lower taxes would spur business to invest, and send Americans rushing to stores to spend† (Regan). The Reagan Administration believed lower taxes were beneficiary in this manor and high tax rates only further darkened the lines on how our society was typecast, rather than break down those barriers. Furthermore high tax rates inhibited social mobility into the upper class. â€Å"The real losers from soak the rich tax are not the rich, but the would be rich. † This is true because there would be no trickle down Major elements in the initial Regan policies were spending slow downs aimed at eliminating budget deficits in 1984 and producing budget surpluses thereafter. As well it was aimed to slow down the growth of federal outlays and change their composition. However the initial policies of the Reagan administration coupled with stock market changes were so bold and dramatic that it caused the 1981 – 1982 recession. After be in a state of recession, things did get better. Within 18 months of Reagans term, poverty began to decrease. The U. S also experienced an unprecedented export boom in the 1980†³s which turned out to be the longest economic boom in U. S history. Along with this came 20 million new jobs and it was the first time the electorate ad an intensely satisfied voting majority. † Reagan was the only U. S. president since WWII to reduce both inflation and unemployment while expanding the total number of jobs for all Americans† (Dunn) However when this great prosperity was acquired in such a short period of time, people got nervous and began to make false accusations against the Reagan administration which were called myths. Myths were created by economists that either did not look at all the statistics or made assumptions before they had all of the statistics. Some of the myths that came from these economists were that Reaganomics caused Americans to divest and de-industrialize. There were also presumptions that every dollar of taxes that were cut would lose a dollar of revenue. They also offered that record deficits were caused by the reduction in marginal tax rates. There is no basis for insisting that tax policy developments were responsible for the budget deficits of the Reagan years. (Ture 35) Some myths created even went so far as to say that the deficits were deliberate in order to reduce social spending while increasing defense spending. In fact the contrary is true. Transfer payment spending for social services rose 19. 7%, from $344. 3 billion to $412 billion, on programs that provided income, food, healthcare, housing, education and training, and social services to poor families. (Ture 39) This is proving that social programs were not hurt under Reagan. Economists also gave the impression that Reagan policies favored the rich at the expense of the poor and that the rich only paid a larger shave of taxes because they had a larger share of income. This is not entirely true. Even though the rich may not have seemed to have paid more taxes they actually did buy investing in more taxable securities and fewer tax exempt securities. This produced more tax revenue. Rather than being a tax and spend economy, the Reagan administration lended itself to a borrow and spend economy that produced many deficits. What was the cause of these enormous debts? Many factors added to the accumulation of the debts. Buying and thus building up the U. S. dollar to an artificiallyhigh level made U. S exports more expensive, U. S imports cheaper and it added to the rade deficit and the foreign debt. This was also known as â€Å"Mexicanization† of the economy. (Galbraith 3) Large budget deficits from the loss of tax revenue, was brought about by the loss of real output during the 1981 – 1982 recession, and unanticipated disinflation. That fiscal year (after adjusting for inflation, tax collections did not increase) brought high interest rates which attracted foreign money. This pushed up the dollar and caused the trade deficit. The deficit was also caused by large defense and The Reagan administration had little responsibility for the budget deficits. The bills for spending that the Reagan administration originally proposed were altered by congress. The deficit was therefore caused by congress† permitted spending excess and not excess tax cuts. It seems that through supply-side economics savings didn†t increase but allowed for a huge growing debt that nearly tripled during Reagans administration. On the good side of things, deficit spending helped to stimulate demand and trigger economic recovery. It also stimulated a growth of employment in non-investment grade firms by 17. 3 million which was due to junk bonds. (Zycher,43) On the down side, the U. S is presently the worlds largest debtor. Public and Private debts carrying over from the past decade weigh heavily on the government,business†, household†s and financial institutions† well being. Reganomics could have been greatly successful if government spending would have been checked. â€Å"If government had borrowed in order to fund public capital, rather than military spending and tax breaks for the wealthy, the debt burden would be greatly reduced† (Sawicki). Looking back now we can truly understanding the full effects of Reganomics on our economy. How to cite The Basic Principles of Reganomics, Essay examples

Comparing Two Baroque Masses free essay sample

Chorus from the Messiah BY Skiving In George Frederic Handels Hallelujah Chorus, the music grows from simple to complex, as in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Dies Aria. Hallelujah, like many other masses, praises Gods almightiness, and lets the audience feel the power of God. The piece starts off it a modest hallelujah sung In unison, where the music seems quite free, When the piece begins to praise God, the music enters a firmer, more commanding tone, as the choir sings, for the Lord Omnipotent relegate. When declaring the epithets for the God, such as king of kings and lord of lords, the voices of the choir turn forte and there are consecutive flat tones, for emphasis. When the music enters Into, The kingdom of this world. It Is Plano, symbolizing something unimportant. It grows louder with Is become the, and suddenly, It Is forte with the Kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ, and of His Christ, which symbolizes its importance. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Two Baroque Masses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Handel pushes the repetition of forever and ever to make the meaning, God ruling for eternity, match the repetitive form, while the violin n the background adds complexity to the sound.Handel caps it off at the end, with a long, ceremonious hallelujah that reminds the audience of the glory of the kingdom of God, with a large drum playing the background that seems to hail the greatness of God. Handel has truly made a great piece of work in all aspects, which is surprising considering how fast he wrote the entire Messiah, of which the Hallelujah Chorus is only a small part of. An another mass, the requiem mass Dies Aria, is started off furiously by Mozart, the choir singing, Dies aria, dies Lila (this day, this day of wrath). The force in these Nards mirror this meaning.Since it is a requiem, a funeral mass, Mozart is talking about the day of judgment. The second line, translated, shall consume the world in ashes, is fast paced, as if the land is being consumed by fire and flame, with a violin In the background adding speed to the sound. The third line sounds definite and straightforward, as its meaning, which is that this day of Judgment was already foretold. Then, violins ascend up the scale, as the scene moves upward to heaven. The voices are also higher, as they describe the trembling done by those being judged by the God up high.When In the next line they describe the Judge, God, arriving, the voices are higher, more forte, and have a definite tone of Intimidation In them. In the last verse, as God weighs everything strictly, the Latin, sancta stricter dulcimers, sounds structured and strict, as It mirrors the action being carried out. Mozart composes this amazing work only using these verses, but It Is hardly a piece Limited In any way. It Is complete on almost all levels. Gallivanting piece starts off it a modest hallelujah sung in unison, where the music seems quite free.When the piece begins to praise God, the music enters a firmer, more commanding tone, as the choir sings, for the Lord Omnipotent reignite. When vices of the choir turn forte and there are consecutive flat tones, for emphasis. En the music enters into, The kingdom of this world , it is piano, symbolizing something unimportant. It grows louder with is become the, and suddenly, it is n the background adds complexity to the sound. Handel caps it off at the end, with a Sod. Handel has truly made a great piece of work in all aspects, which is surprising about the day of Judgment.The second line, translated, shall consume the world in in the background adding speed to the sound. The third line sounds definite and rhea voices are also higher, as they describe the trembling done by those being lugged by the God up high. When in the next line they describe the Judge, God, arriving, the voices are higher, more forte, and have a definite tone of intimidation in discusser, sounds structured and strict, as it mirrors the action being carried out. Mozart composes this amazing work only using these verses, but it is hardly a piece limited in any way. It is complete on almost all levels.

Marriage Family Therapy

Abstract Bowen developed a family therapy theory to facilitate the solving of family disputes that were frequently arising. To accomplish his goal, he used his model to intervene a minor problem that had occurred in his own extended family.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marriage Family Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, it worked so well, giving a positive outcome. This he says was a significant break through for his model implementation. He dedicated his life to family therapy and, as a result, developed this theory that was named after him. Furthermore, has been cited as an excellent theoretical idea ever produced in family therapy. Introduction The individuals who first discovered the concept of family therapy acknowledged that existing social and cultural influences contour ones morals about themselves and their families. Bowen, however, was the first to discover that a familyâ €™s history plays a vital role in determining an individual’s thoughts and principles. Most importantly it facilitated the continuous flow of these thought and principles to the coming generations. Bowen was born in a large and cohesive family where he was the last child. He studied medicine and became a medical doctor by profession. Later on he seized from pursuing dyads and started pursuing triads. He attended a conference that had been convened by one of his students from where he explained his theory. He used his family as a case study in explaining the theory in relation to development and function of a family. It is evident that Bowen’s theory focuses on mutualism and individuality. History of Theory Titelman, (1998) portrays that, in the early years, the occurrence of family disputes triggered the invention of solving techniques. Thus, family therapy is identified to have originated in the 19th century in the United States and England. In the 1950s, some cli nicians started observing and providing therapy to family members through a movement called child guidance and marriage counseling. As a result, these clinicians came up with ideas about theories that relate to the family and depicted that a family is not only about an individual’s perception (Titelman, 1998).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gladding, (2002), states that Bowen Murray was born in Tennessee in 1913 and passed on in 1990. In late 1940s, he involved mothers in the treatment and study of patients suffering from schizophrenic at Menninger clinic. In 1954 after moving to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) he shifted his focus from individuals to the family aspect. At NIMH, he involved more members of the family in psychotherapy and research of patients suffering from schizophrenic (Gladding, 2002). Blume (2006) reveals that he founded Georgetown family center in 1959 when he moved to Georgetown University. Most importantly his theory was transformed to emotional tribulations that were less severe. He conducted a detailed research between 1959 and 1962 which involved families in diverse age groups. Bowen’s first orderly presentation was published in 1966, and it highlighted his developing ideas. Most significant is the fact that he used his concepts to intervene an emotional crisis in his family, this yielded positive results (Blume, 2006). Philosophical Underpinnings Triangles Rasheed, Marley and Rasheed, (2010) illustrate that this is a family system that has got a three-person relationship; hence, this can consist of a child, father and mother. Furthermore, it is perceived to be more firm and as the foundation of a vast emotional system that can hold tension devoid of outside interference (Rasheed, Marley and Rasheed, 2010). Differential of self Bowen (1978) depicts that â€Å"Self† is in born but the amount of it developed by an individual in to the family relationship is determined during adolescent and childhood. Hence, if an individual develops less â€Å"self†, he ends up having a superior influence in the family. It is noteworthy that such an individual controls the performance of other family members (Bowen, 1978). Nuclear emotional systems Rassool and Gafoor (1997) depicts that this identifies core issues that govern the on set of family disputes. One issue is the marital conflict whereby it has been noted that an increase in tension results to more anxiety among spouses, thus they are required to drop the anxiety and focus more on the problem without dictating to one another.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marriage Family Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another issue identified was the dysfunction in one spouse, which majored on, the dictation by one spouse that might lead to sel f control by the other spouse incase of tension. Impairment of one child is a core issue that was identified whereby the parents focus on one child positively or negatively. Hence, the child becomes more reactive to such attention resulting to his disintegration from the other children. A core issue also discovered was the emotional distance where one family member decides to reduce the family relationship intensity by distancing themselves (Rassool and Gafoor, 1997). Family projection According to Falicov, (1991) this illustrates the idea of parents passing on their emotional tribulations to the children and, as a result, prejudice the performance of the child leading to disputes in the family. Multigenerational transmission process Cottrell and Boston (2002) give a picture in which a family’s emotional progression is passed on and upheld over several generations. Thus, the onsets of troubles are generation related. Emotional cut off Reiger (1981) discloses that those indivi duals who have emotional disputes with family members and end up solving these disputes by cutting off emotional contact with them. Sibling positions Skynner*, (1980) divulges that individuals that are raised in similar sibling position most likely have identical characteristics. Hence, elder children settle in the direction of leadership while the young ones have a preference to be followers. Societal emotional process Kog, Vandereycken, and Vertommen (1985) make known that this procedure depicts how emotional system presides over the conduct in any society, encouraging both advancement and suppressive interlude.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More History of Founder Bowen Murray was born in 1913 in Tennessee and was the oldest of five children. In 1934, he attained his Bachelor of Science degree and later a master’s degree in 1937 at the university of Tennessee medical school. He served in the army from where he changed to psychiatry from surgery (Herbert, Castronova, McNeil, and Mossman, 2000). While at National Institute of Mental Health he started to build up his theory, this was in 1954 to 1959. He then moved to Georgetown University where he founded Georgetown family center in 1959. He remained focused and dedicated to family therapy, as a result, producing one of the purest theoretical ideas. In 1978 to 1982, he became the first president of the American family therapy association. He later succumbs to cancer in 1990 (Herbert et al., 2000). Assumptions Boss, Doherty and LaRoss (2008) highlighted that, one of the assumptions of family therapy is that, family relationships are the primary cause of psychological wel l being and psychopathology for people. This means that in order to understand individuals conduct, his relationship with the family should be put in to consideration. Another assumption depicts that family communication models have a tendency to recur across generations. According to Boss et al., (2008), the third assumption stated that Family health entails equilibrium of correlation and individuation. This illustrates that for a family to have a healthy relationship there must be freedom of conduct and togetherness amongst its members. It further states that the triad is the least component for the multifaceted understanding of family relations (Boss et al., 2008). Role of Therapist According to Pernice-Duca, (2010), the role of the therapist is to get involved with problem solving without getting emotionally attached to the family. Furthermore, a therapist is supposed to remain neutral to any issues that come up. Thus, the family will realize it is an emotional system. Bowen inc ulcates the therapists to avoid a situation where a family desperately needs their help, but rather they should make them accept the responsibility to work towards their own change. Bowen cautions therapists against placing themselves in the meditative role, in a family triangle, (Pernice-Duca, 2010). Techniques/Interventions Bentovim, (1979) discloses that, Bowen never considered â€Å"therapeutic bag of tricks†. A Boweian therapist needed to construction a family genogram and questions. The therapist needs to motivate the family members to enlighten themselves with the history of the family. Furthermore, activities like visiting or writing letters to distant family members are encouraged. Some interventions involved in Bowen family therapy theory according to Elizur, (1990) include the following: Joining This is the process of connection between the family and the therapist resulting into a beneficial system. Similarly, it involves trailing, mimesis and substantiation. Refr aming This involves altering a concept by illustrating from a diverse perspective, as a result, altering the meaning but not the fact. Enactment Family members presenting difficult behavioral progression in to the therapy session Working with impulsive interaction Therapists identify the dynamics and series of conducts during therapy sessions and thus deliberate on the course, not the issue. Restructuring This constitutes the alteration of the family structure, for example, rising up against dictatorial behavior of the father. Conclusion Bowen’s theory gives attention to the arrangement and functioning of the emotional system. Furthermore, it involves sessions between individuals and the actions of â€Å"self† in the system. This theory insists on use of outlying factors to solve the current problem. As a result, a solution is achieved within a short time. Devoid of current, noteworthy socio-political accompaniments, this theory decontextualises affiliation models that are strongly conversant with gender, class and ethnicity. Bowen’s theory has been evident to produce positive outcomes everywhere it has been implemented. It is outstanding in the fact that it makes the therapists experience its roles in their own families of origin before acknowledging its practical application. References Bentovim, A. (1979), Theories of family interaction and techniques of intervention. Journal of Family Therapy, 1: 321 Blume, T. (2006). Becoming a family counselor: a bridge to family therapy theory and practice. New Jersey. John Wiley publishers Boss, P. Doherty, W and LaRoss, R. (2008). Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods: A Contextual Approach. New York. Springer Science + Business media. Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Michigan. Jason Aronson. Cottrell, D. and Boston, P. (2002), Practitioner Review: The effectiveness of systemic family therapy for children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43: 57 3–586. Elizur, J. (1990), ‘Stuckness’ in live supervision: Expanding the therapist’s style. Journal of Family Therapy, 12: 267–280 Falicov, C. (1991).Family Transitions: Continuity and Change over the Life Cycle. New York. Guilford Press Gladding, S. (2002). Family therapy: history, theory, and practice. Michigan. Merrill Herbert, M, Castronova, F, McNeil, B and Mossman, J. (2000). Biography and Genealogy Master Index 2000: A Consolidated Index to More Than 300,000 Biographical Sketches in 90 Current and Retrospective Biographical Dictionaries. Michigan. Gale group Kog, E., Vandereycken, W. and Vertommen, H. (1985), the psychosomatic family model. A critical analysis of family interaction concepts. Journal of Family  Therapy, 7: 31–44. Pernice-Duca, F. (2010), Family Network Support and Mental Health Recovery. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 36: 13–27. Rasheed, J, Marley, J and Rasheed, M. (2010). Family Therapy: Models and Te chniques. California. SAGE. Rassool, H and Gafoor, M. (1997). Addiction nursing: perspectives on professional and clinical practice. London. Nelson Thornes. Reiger, K. (1981), Family therapy’s missing question, why the plight of the modern family? Journal of Family Therapy, 3: 293–308. Skynner, A. C. R. (1980), Recent developments in marital therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 2: 271–296. Titelman, P. (1998). Clinical applications of Bowen family systems theory. New York. Routledge This research paper on Marriage Family Therapy was written and submitted by user Dario Snow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Ways to Be Happier at Work in the New Year

5 Ways to Be Happier at Work in the New Year Can’t settle on a resolution this year? Make 2017 the year you focus on your career. We all spend most of our time, whether we like it or not, at work. We might as well enjoy it. Here are 5 little things you can do to be happier and more successful on the job. 1. Be the early birdTry getting up a little earlier. Even 15 minutes can make a huge difference. Studies show people who wake up early are generally happier. Set your alarm just a tad bit earlier to give yourself a couple extra minutes, and you’ll be amazed at how easily you get ahead when you’re not always racing to catch up.2. Set boundariesYou make a point of pitching in when you’re really needed, and you would expect your coworkers to do the same for you. But sometimes you can get away with saying â€Å"no.† Taking a little extra time for your projects and priorities will make a big difference in how quickly you get through your to-do list.3. Open upOnce you learn how to say â€Å"no,â₠¬  try saying â€Å"yes.† Learn a new skill or language or go for that promotion. Exposing yourself to new and challenging experiences will help you grow both personally and professionally.4. Snack rightWorkplace vending machines are a resolution nightmare. Pack some healthy snacks and take them to work with you. You’ll save money and calories plus you’ll save yourself the mid-afternoon blood sugar crash.5. Know when to stopSo many times, we have to work late- even once we’ve left the office. But it’s easy to get caught up in bad habits even when the extra work just isn’t necessary. Pick a time to be done with work and stick with it. Drawing that line will make your actual work time more productive, and your free time more free for you to enjoy.This article is part of Bulk Up Your Career in 2017  campaign. Access the entire guide here to help you succeed in 2017.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility in Business - Essay Example Is Corporate Social responsibility a realistic possibility that takes place in company or is it a public relations gimmick for â€Å"window dressing†. CSR is realistic but its realism goes as far as a pipe dream in literature. Companies have turned the noble idea into a PR strategy to endear themselves to target prospects.  How do companies choose beneficiaries of their CSR projects in your view? Companies demonstrate CSR towards the masses that will raise their turnovers.  Ã‚   Businesses are meant to grow benefits over a period of time. Does SCR stand to benefit firms in the long term? Marginally they do. A company that gives back to society (on purpose or not) endears itself to them. It is an indirect guaranteed marketing.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"BLT is a noble concept that has been misinterpreted and misused by the corporate world â€Å" BLT is a choice for the companies not a necessity. It’s a ‘checklist’ for the progress of an all round company.Corprates with CSR strategies have very poor approaches to its implementation. What are these approaches and why are they weak? The strategies are crafted without insight of the future and there are no laid out schedules of how to achieve the milestones.How much do you agree with Fiedman’s quip that â€Å"by fulfilling economic charter of maximizing profits, does a firm meet its societal responsibility?† The societal expectation on any company is profitability.  What in your view is the difference between BLT and CSR?

Construction Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Construction Law - Assignment Example This assignment intends to critically discuss the different structure and options in setting up and implementing a contract for construction procurement. The focus of this essay is primarily on one company that is typically decentralized without particularly strict headquarters’ control. This sector is chosen for the particular difficulties any procurement organization would likely face chief among which, is the perennial question about decision making and whether it is done centrally or locally. As an advisor, it is suggested by the researcher to hire three new people immediately. These three people would be an architect, a contractor, and an accountant, their importance, actions and duties is discussed in the assignment. It is concluded that balance sheets are taking a severe toll worldwide and liquidity is ever harder to come by especially since lending had virtually frozen. This combination of reduced liquidity, more difficult lending terms and the deteriorating trading en vironment in the wake of the recession in developed countries and creeping regulatory restrictions is making companies the world over to focus sharply on their procurement functions. While procurement has long been identified as an important contributor to operational performance in construction, it is widely overshadowed by more bottom-line or customer oriented functions like marketing and sales. That is why, with such projects, it is important to have an excellent architect, an excellent contractor, and an excellent accountant.

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History - Essay Example Poe's comic short story where its main attribute interestingly opposes typical notion of mystery attached to it by superstition. It feels like adventure is going to come my way at any moment with this 'sagacious' creature and I find myself soaked in an imagination of an elegant, lovely black cat that looks after the welfare of its master wherever the latter may be. Edgar Allan Poe, being the author of 'The Black Cat' would fill in the second notch since I'm quite up to satisfying my curiosity of his childlike poetic stance though majority of his works are known to possess macabre themes. I suppose it would be amply wonderful to find out about the special reasons behind his equivalent measures of inclination in detective-fiction and poetry. Perhaps, I could make him lead me to an inspiration of discovering how precious the treasure in writing is and exchange a few intellectual yet delectable verses of romance to figure how rich the literature and intelligent minds were during his time . Though it is rather unusual for me to acquire diversion in operatic theaters and watch dramatic plays, I would still sit next to Werther for my third choice. I believe this unique experience can be a potential source in engaging a different mood of delight.

The efficient market hypothesis and behavioral finance

The efficient market hypothesis and behavioral finance The efficient market hypothesis is directly related to the behaviour of prices in asset markets. Initially the term efficient market applied only to the stock market, but later it was generalised to other asset markets. The efficient market hypothesis is seen as the turning point of the modern finance (Fama, 1965) and in his classic paper, Fama (1970) defined efficient market as one in which security always fully reflect the available information [p.383]. Market efficiency is known as the speed and accuracy where the current market prices reflect the investor expectations. When the market is efficient, all the available information is fully and automatically reflected in the price, gaining profit by using this information is seen impossible. Efficient market hypothesis predicts that market price should incorporate all available information at any point in time. According to Pesaran, Hashem M (2010) The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) evolved in the 1960s from the random walk theory of asset prices advanced by Samuelson (1965). Samuelson showed that in an informationally efficient market hypothesis, price changes must be unforecastable. Kendall (1953), Cowles (1960), Osborne (1959), Osborne (1962), and many others had already provided statistical evidence on the random nature of equity price changes. Samuel-sons contribution was, however, instrumental in providing academic respectability for the hypothesis, despite the fact that the random walk model had been around for many years; having been originally discovered by Louis Bachelier, a French statistician, back in 1900. One important implication is that security prices will change only when there is arrival of new information that was not considered during the formation of current market prices. Yet the information will be evaluate and process this information efficiently and immediately incorporate into the security prices. The crucial questions here is the relevant information because it needs careful analysis and the conclusion about market efficiency could be there or extracted from the information set. A standard classification for different compositions or information set was outlined by Fama (1970) as weak form, semi-strong form and strong form. On the other hand, new empirical studies of security prices have reversed some of the earlier findings related to EMH. The traditional finance school named these observation anomalies due to the unexplainable in the neoclassical framework. Due to the increasing numbers of puzzles, the new approach of behavioural finance emerged. This approach focus on the investors behaviour in making decision in investment. This approach assumes that agents may be unreasonable during interpreting new information and thus lead to making wrong judgement in investment. This paper will discuss the definition and concept of efficient market hypothesis and behavior finance in general. I will be look into market issues for countries of Malaysia, USA, Africa and Jordan. I would then like to highlight the issues on this area for future research. Efficient Market Hypothesis Definition and Concept The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is an investment theory that stated it is impossible to compete with the market when stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information. According to the EMH, stocks are always trade at their fair value on stock exchanges. Investors will face difficulties or even impossible in either purchase undervalued stocks or sell stocks for inflated prices. The possible way for investors to obtain higher returns is by purchasing riskier investment and they have to outperform the overall market through expert stock selection or market timing. Forms of Efficient Market Hypothesis There are three forms of Efficient Market Hypothesis where the key to all the three forms remain that is intense competition among investors to gain profit from any new information. There are three versions of EMH, namely the Weak From EMH, Semi Strong EMH and Strong EMH. The weak form EMH is based on past history of prices where the past information is used to analyze for profit return. This method is called technical analysis. The value retrieved from technical analysis is strong and consistent. On the other hand in semi strong form, the current stock price has fully taken into consideration all publicly information that is available. However, the information in the semi strong form is available to all the investors; one is expected not to gain much profit with such information. But this form is stronger than the weak form. Whereas strong form of EMH is taking the current price fully incorporates all existing inside information, both public and private. When the information set us limited to past price and return, the market is said to be weak-from efficient and there is correlation between current return on security and the return over a previous period. However the return is purely unpredictable from the past information. In semi strong Efficient Market Hypothesis, all publicly available information is reflected in the stock market. Investment Managers claim that mutual fund managers are skilled in analyzing publicly available information but empirical evidence do not support. Market Efficiency and security prices reflect all available information whereas new information is expected to be converted into price changes. Efficient Capital Market participants will react immediately and in an unbiased manner. Important of Efficient Market Hypothesis There are common misconceptions of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). EMH claims that investors cannot outperform the market but there are analysts who have succeed in outperformed. So EMH is seen to be incorrect. EMH claims that one should not be expected to outperform the market predictably or consistently. EMH said that financial analysis is pointless and investors are wasting time if doing research in security price. But everyone knows that financial analyst is still needed in the market. Again EMH is found to be incorrect. EMH sees new information as always fully reflected in market places and yet prices fluctuated every day, every hour and minutes. EMH must be incorrect. EMH presumes that all investors are technically expert but in reality it is otherwise. EMH is incorrect again. Criticism towards Efficient Market Hypothesis There are several opinions against the EMH. First is the over reaction and under reaction of investors. EMH claims that the investor react quickly and in an unbiased manner to new information but it was contradicted to De Bont and Thaler. EMH claims that investors react very fast and in an unbiased manner when they received information but De Bond and Thaler said otherwise. They said that stock with long term past return tend to have a higher future returns and vice versa and empirical observation shows that stock prices respond to earning about a year after the announcement. Secondly, the value versus growth where value strategy is able to outperform the market consistently. Finally is the small firm effects where average return on small stocks were too large to be justified by the CAPM while the average returns on large stocks were too low. There are also implications of Market Efficient for Investors where the EM, investors have little to gain from active management strategies; should follow passive investment strategy and no attempts to beat the market but to optimize returns through diversification and asset allocation. Behavioral Finance Definition and Concept The behavioural finance is an area in finance that highlighted on the investors behaviour and how they make their decision in understanding the pricing of assets and also explain the decisions of investors as rational actors. The rational actors are seeking for their self-interest, given the sometimes inefficient nature of the market. EMH revolves around the preferences and behaviour. Psychologist and also experiment economics found out that there is a departure from the normal paradigm of the investors in making their investments. Behaviour finance emerged since 1980 where it incorporates more behaviour science into finance decision making. Due to the excess volatility, dividend puzzle, equity premium and future returns in the capital market is seen as consistent in an efficient market but the truth is inconsistency do happen. According to behaviour finance good year performance may not lead to another good year but it could be otherwise. Issues in Behavioral Finance Behavioral finance has emerged due to the problems faced in the traditional theory in explaining why some financial phenomena happened. It is said that agents may be irrational in with their own reactions to new information and investment decisions. To undo mispricing created by the irrational investors may be difficult. Due to that, market is seen to inefficient. Psychological sees these in many views. People make mistakes when they perceive information and form their belief. Extensive evidence shows that individuals are overconfident in their judgement (Odean (1998), Barber ODean (2001)). When investors are overconfident, they tend to invest more and intensively. Due to greed, overconfident and also overreact to new information, investors would tend to make heavy losses. What make it difficult it when investors stick to their own conclusion interpreting the information. Once people have formed an opinion, they often stick to it and inadequately update their beliefs in the lieu of new information (Edwards (1968)). Human emotions and moods are also said to influence investors behavior. When investors are in the good mood they are willing to take higher risks compared to when they are in bad mood. In fact market returns are found to be higher on days of good weather than on days with heavy clouds and rain. Social influence and interaction with other investors are also coherent to th e behavior. Investors tend to follow others in making their investment, they tend to follow each other like in a herd. Herding leads more on the situation when an investor focuses more on other investors participation rather than evaluating the information of the particular security. Behavior finance changes the way how we look at capital markets. It is a new approach that has direct impact not only to investors but also others such as corporate finance, market regulators and policy makers. In behavior finance, the investors should not consistently expect to beat the market even at times when they succeed in getting abnormal returns from their investment. According to behavior finance, market is not always efficient. Good return may due to the available information. However, it is advised to actually spend some of the return and study the cause of mispricing that have cause the market to fluctuates. It is said that achieving higher returns is not only due to good analysis strategies but a better self control. Primary contribution of behavior finance is its potential help in beating the market. Summary of Researches This section will discuss the research finding from Malaysia ( KP Lim., Liew KS., and Wong HT, 2003), Africa (C Mlambo and N Biekpe, 2007) United States America (Jae H. Kim 2009) and Jordan (Mahdi M. Hadi, 2006) The first research which was done by Lim et. al, 2003 was the weak form EMH that generally holds in KLSE Malaysia and the existence of the linear and the non-linear dependencies. These dependencies appear at very random intervals for a short of time but then disappear again even before investors have the chance to exploit it. As we know efficient market hypothesis is a fair game where the prices changes in the security is reflected by any new information which was not taken into consideration earlier during the forming of current market price. The paper by Lim et al, 2003 focused on the weak form EMH where the historical price is the only determinant of the security prices. The price movement in a weak form occur randomly and successive price changes are independent of one another, i.e. random walk theory. Past price analysis has no meaning since the patterns observed in the past occurred purely by chance. The weak form Efficient Market Hypothesis has been studied since many years in KLSE. Malaysian stock market is inefficient in the weak form when weekly data were used but efficiency exist when monthly data were used. Test done by Von Nehmanns suggested that information that is based on historical prices is fully reflected in current price within a week but may not be fully impounded in current price within a day which conclude that Second Board of KLSE is weak form efficient with respect to weekly data. But when weekly data were used the efficiency of the Malaysian stock market has improved from a weak form inefficient market in mid 1980s to weak form efficient by late 80s and early 90s. Empirical evidence from various statistical test found out that the low trading volumes in most stocks and the possible price manipulations by those investors who own majority of the stocks might help to explain the findings of the runs test. The reason for departure from random walk is due to the presence of non-linear dependencies in the underlying data generating process which is now widely accepted as a salient feature of financial returns in general and stock returns series in particular. Non linearity has strong implication on the weak form EMH for it implies the potential of predictability in financial returns. Lim et. al (2003b.d) and Lim and Tan (2003) provided convincing evidence that non-linearity has a high effect in the underlying dynamics of the Malaysian stock market. Ko and Lee (1991:224) If the Random Walk Theory hypothesis holds, the weak form of efficient market but not vice versa. Thus evidence supporting the random walk model is the evidence of market efficiency. But violation of the random walk model need not be evidence of market inefficiency in the weak form. Kok and Lee (1994) and Kok and Goh (1995) argued that though daily price series are found to be serially correlated, the magnitude of their c orrelations is not large enough for any mechanical trading rules to be devised for profitable investment timing. In connection to the existence of linear/non-linear dependency structures to the concept of information arrival and market reactions to that information will prove to enlightening. It is said that if the market is efficient and the new information is useful then it shall be reflected quickly and unbiasedly into market prices. There is a rationalization the correlation between the weak-form EMH and behavioural finance in KLSE. The statistical properties of random walk, linear and non-linear dependencies are interpreted in the context of information arrival and how the market react to that information. The second research was done by C Mlambo and N Biekpe, 2007 with regard the weak form in the African Stock Market. Johannesburg Stock Exchange is found to be weak form efficient but using weekly data it is not weak form efficient. Studies that have used data on individual stocks used either monthly or weekly data rather than daily data due to non availability of computerised databases. Another argument for using data measured over longer time intervals in the problem of thin trading. Increasing the time interval is argued to reduce the potential biases associated with thin-trading by increasing the probability of having at least one trade in the interval. (Dickinson and Muragu, 1994). This paper studies the weak form efficiency of ten African stock markets using the serial correlation and runs tests African stock market emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s and the latest in 2003. African stock exchanges are also the smallest in the world in terms of both number of listed stocks and market capitalisation. The majority of stock markets in Africa trade daily from Monday to Friday. The portfolio inflows to Africa have been disappointing due to unfavourable scenario is that acquisition of shares by foreigners is limited on some African stock markets. The Market Regulator was established on the back of poor regulatory and legislative frameworks. African stock markets are also known to be illiquid and characterised by thin trading (Mlambo and Biekpe, 2005) in comparison to stock markets in other regions. The delay market is perceived by African governments to be an indication of integration into the global economy. It is considered to be a sign of international legitimacy and a measure of a countrys modernisation and commitment to private sector-led development (Moss, 2004). The d ata used in this study are daily closing stock prices and volume traded for individual stocks. The markets in this study exhibit serious thin-trading for the periods under investigation. Positive serial correlation is usually considered to be a predictability phenomenon of the short run, while negative serial correlation is mostly a long run predictability phenomenon. The positive serial correlation on African Stock markets might also be a result of institutions imitating spreading their trades over several days to lessen the impact of trades in large volumes on the market (Asal, 2000). The weak market form efficiency if the NSX can probably be explained by the markets positive correlation with the JSE due to the significant number of stocks that are dual-listed on both markets. The efficiency of the NSX can thus be said to be spill over from, or a reflection of, the weak-form efficiency of the JSE. The weak form efficiency of the NSX was attributed to its correlation with the JSE. Kenya and Zimbabwe were also concluded as generally weak form efficient, since a significant number of stocks conformed to the random walk. The stock prices on the Mauritius market tend to deviate from the random walk hypothesis. The same conclusion was made for Ghana. The run test used here only tests for the existence of a linear relationship which makes it inadequate as a testing method on African stock markets where the return generating processes are assumed to be nonlinear. The use of linear models would thus lead to wrong inferences being drawn. Thus further research is required to test the random walk hypothesis. The third research that I would like to discuss is the market hypothesis in the United States America. Kim et al., (2009), study return predictability of the daily and weekly Dow-Jones Industrial Average indices from 1900 to 2009. The degree of return predictability is estimated using two autocorrelation test (variance ratio and portmanteau) statistics, implementing moving sub-sample windows of different lengths. They found strong evidence that changing of market condition has lead to return predictability. In particular, during market crashes (1929 and 1987), it was observed that return in unpredictable and when it is predictable it is very much associate with high level of doubt. When there is economic crisis, the return from the stock is very predictable even with moderate degree of uncertainty. Whereas during economic bubbles, return predictability and its uncertainty have been smaller than normal times. Our results are in strong support of the adaptive markets hypothesis, which claim that changing market conditions drive the key market features such as the return predictability. They examine the degree of return predictability of the U.S. stock market using the century-long Dow-Jones industrial index. As measures of return predictability, they used their findings and complements with the recent study by Neely et al. (2009) who report the evidence in favour of the adaptive markets hypothesis for the foreign exchange market in the context of profitability of technical trading rules. The statistics from the automatic variance ratio and automatic portmanteau tests. To detect possible non-linear dependence in stock return, the generalized spectral test has been implemented. They obtain monthly time-varying measures of return predictability by applying these tests to moving sub-sample windows over monthly grids. A regression analysis is conducted to determine how these measures of return predictability are related to changing market conditions and economic fundamentals. They also find evidence for cyclical evolution of return predictability, in which changing market conditions are important factors for the degree of return predictability. It is found that, during market crashes, no return predictability is evident but its uncertainty has been exceptionally high. However, during economic and political crises, a high degree of return predictability is observed, but only with moderate degree of uncertainty. During bubble times, the return predictability and its uncertainty are found to be lower than normal times. Contrary to the general findings of past empirical and survey studies, we have found evidence the U.S. market has become more efficient after 1980. This is convincing given that the U.S. market has implemented a various measures of market innovations in the 1960s and 19070s, and that US macroeconomic fundamentals have become much more stable since 1980. In addition, there have been fewer occurrences of economic and political crises after 1980 than before. Our finding is a manifestation of the adaptive markets hypothesis, which argues that dynamic market conditions govern the degree of stock market efficiency. Finally this paper will discuss on efficient market hypothesis in Jordan capital market. This paper by M. Hadi (2006) noted that the objective of accounting numbers is to provide the financial data about the performance of certain enterprise in order to help the managers, investors, shareholders and government authorities in making their decisions. On the other hand, the purpose of accounting research is to estimate the value of accounting data to all investors and other users. Furthermore, the purpose of capital market research is to examine the association between accounting numbers and security return and to test whether or not accounting data carry any information content to security market, and if so it should be impounded in the security price, the results show the security market reacted with mixed signal on releasing profitability, liquidly, and solvency information. This paper identified EMH and provided some detail on the types of EMH, as well as identifying the empirical research that tested weak, semi-strong and strong forms of market efficiency. Accounting market based research more often assumes that market is efficient in semi-strong form, and the reason for this is that financial reports are considered public information once they are released to the market. In this paper empirical evidence has been provided from Jordanian market, and it shows the security market reacted with mixed signal on releasing profitability, liquidly, and solvency information. The selection of the relevant pricing model is very critical in market-based research. Brown and Warner (1980) investigate how different methods performed when some abnormal performance was present. They conclude that There is no evidence that more complicated methodology conveys any benefit. (Brown and Warner, 1980). Also, they argue that using more complicated models will make the researc her worse off. Furthermore, the use of the market model or even simple models such as mean adjusted return is better than more complicated models like control portfolio. 5.0 Conclusion The relationship between finance and other social sciences that has become known as behavioural finance has led to a strong and deepen of our knowledge of financial market. In judging the impact of behavioural finance to date, there is still no exact one method that can make an investors gain high profit. For instance in situation where efficient markets theory may lead to drastically incorrect interpretations of events such as major stock market bubbles. . Indeed, we have to divert our presumption that financial markets always work well and that price changes always reflect genuine information. Evidence from behavioral finance helps us to understand, for example, that the recent worldwide stock market boom, and then crash after 2000, had its origins in human foibles and arbitrary feedback relations and must have generated a real and substantial misallocation of resources. The challenge for economists is to make this reality a better part of their models. It is found that in Malaysia, there is co existence of weak form EMH and behavioural finance. Unlike in Africa, there are mix of two findings where conforms to the random walk theory and also deviate from the theory. Whereas in United States, it is claim that return predictability and market efficiency and investors behaviour are considered as highly context dependent and dynamic by changing market conditions. Whereas in Jordanian market shows the security market reacted with mixed signal on releasing profitability, liquidly, and solvency information. Further research is suggested in Malaysia to incorporate the issue of model adequacy where the characteristic was found in the returns series and can be used to construct a better economic model. Whereas in Africa it is suggested to test on the existence of linear relationship in the stock markets where the return generating processes are assumed to be linear. In Kuwait, a few research has been investigated in market efficiency in strong form, it is suggested that for future research test for insider information should be investigated.

Changes in Family Relationships between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Ce

Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries there were several factors which affected family relationships. The most influential of these factors are geography, economic conditions, and religion. While geography and economic conditions certainly played a role in the dynamics of family relationships, many believe that religion had the greatest impact on family relationships. Religion controlled almost every aspect of family relationships from marriages to divorce to the treatment of women and children. In medieval times up until the eighteen hundreds, marriage was based on a variety of factors. Among these factors were economic gain, and for upper class families and nobility, building alliances. While these were the factors that helped decide who married who, religion determined if the couple was eligible to be married as well as other aspects of the marriage. Prior to the 1215, there were a lot of gray areas when it came to marriage and divorce. While some believed that all marriage required was an exchange of vows between a man and a woman, others believed that the exchanged must be followed by consummation, while still others believed that there must be witnesses present for the marriage to be valid. At this time the nobility were using marriage as a strategy to gain land, power, and alliances by marrying, divorcing, and remarrying. These marriages were often destructive and led to wars. In order to avoid so many wars the church stepped in and put regulations on marriages and divorces. In 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council constructed the criteria that must be met in order for a marriage to be valid. This criteria included a dowry, published wedding announcements, and for the wedding to take place in a church. Around ... ...ffection for children. Parents thought of their children as individuals and thus gave each new born its own name. At this time parents also began giving their children more freedoms than before. Also during this time the church began to relax its control over individual families and allowed them more privacy. This simple shift in religious doctrine caused the development of a new way of thinking in which children were appreciated and seen as different from adults. Although there were many factors that impacted family relationships between the fifteen hundreds and eighteen hundreds, none were as influential as religion. Any small shift in the interpretation of religious doctrine could result in massive changes in family life. From the development and rise of Protestantism to the Puritan view of children, religion often caused revolutions in family relationships.